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Temple of Isthmia
The Temple of Isthmia is an ancient Greek temple on the Isthmus of Corinth dedicated to the god Poseidon and built in the Archaic Period. It is about east of ancient Corinth, at the site of ancient Isthmia. It appears to have been constructed in the seventh century BC though was later destroyed in 470 BC and rebuilt as the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia in c. 440 BC during the Classical period.
== History ==
The site was originally found by Oscar Broneer in 1952 with excavations continuing until 1967.〔Hemans, Frederick P. ‘Greek Architectural Terracotta from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia’. ''Hesperia Supplements'', Volume 27 (1994), pp. 61–83, 362–364, page 61.〕 He published his findings in a series of three volumes starting in 1971,〔These are a trilogy of books by Oscar Broneer: ''Isthmia, Vol. 1, Temple of Poseidon.'' Princeton (1971), ''Isthmia, Vol. 2, Topography and Architecture.'' Princeton (1973) and ''Isthmia, Vol. 3, Terracotta Lamps.'' Princeton (1977).〕 and in articles in the ''Hesperia Journal''. He dated the temple to about 700 BC and produced a reconstruction of the temple which featured a wooden peristyle in the Doric style.〔Rhodes, Robin F. ‘Early Corinthian Architecture and the Origins of the Doric Order.’ ''American Journal of Archaeology.'' Volume 91, Number 3 (July 1987), pp. 477–480, page 477.〕 Between August 16 and November 29, 1989 a new period of excavation was undertaken, mostly to clear up some of the disputes that had arisen over the conclusions Broneer had made on his finds.〔Gebhard, Elizabeth R. and Hemans, Frederick P. University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia, 1989: I. ''Hesperia'', Volume 61, Number 1 (January 1992), pp. 1–77, pages 1–2〕 The first report of the 1989 findings was published in ''Hesperia'' in 1992,〔Gebhard, Elizabeth R. and Hemans, Frederick P. University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia, 1989: I. ''Hesperia'', Volume 61, Number 1 (January 1992), pp. 1–77.〕 with subsequent reports following in later years and has contributed to the debate which primarily focuses around the dating of the temple, but also includes the nature of its layout and general usage and development.
The site of the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia was one of great activity up until the third century AD. It was the last location of one of the four Pan-Hellenic Games from the sixth century (around 581 BC〔Grant, Michael. 1987. ''The Rise of the Greeks''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, page 88.〕) to be found,〔Roux, Georges. ‘Review: Isthmia, Vol. 1, Temple of Poseidon by Oscar Broneer.’ ''American Journal of Archaeology.'' Volume 78, Number 3 (July 1974), pp. 305–306, page 305.〕 and had numerous buildings constructed in its vicinity. These ranged from Roman baths to a theatre and most importantly two temples. The Archaic temple was the first erected and was destroyed by fire in 470 BC;〔Gebhard, Elizabeth on ‘The Evolution of a Pan-Hellenic Sanctuary: From Archaeology towards History at Isthmia.’ pp 154–177 in: Marinatos, Nanno (ed.) and Hägg, Robin (ed.). 1993. ''Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches.'' London: Routledge.〕 the site of the temple was then rebuilt upon, resulting in a larger temple constructed directly on top of the Archaic in the Classical period, which was also destroyed by fire, this time in 390 BC. Excavations of the site were conducted in both the original 1952 excavations, and again in 1989. The latter excavations helped to uncover evidence relating to all the areas of development of Isthmia from the Bronze Age to the Roman period, but in particular focused on the Archaic temple, partly because this is the most complete of the buildings found at the site despite being one of the oldest.〔Roux, Georges. ‘Review: Isthmia, Vol. 1, Temple of Poseidon by Oscar Broneer.’ ''American Journal of Archaeology.'' Volume 78, Number 3 (July 1974), pp. 305–306, page 305.〕
With the progression of the centuries from the eighth to the seventh it is apparent that there is the emergence of a new period in both Greek architectural and artistic history.〔Grant, Michael. 1987. ''The Rise of the Greeks.'' London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, page 84.〕 Corinth was at the centre of this with its development of new pottery design, settlement planning, military organisation and most significantly being the possible birthplace of monumental buildings and a new style of Architecture known as the Doric order.〔Shanks, Michael. 1996. ''Classical Archaeology of Greece.'' London: Routledge, page 10.〕 The date of the Archaic temple’s construction is important then as it establishes when monumental architecture began as well as when the transition from Iron Age architecture to Doric occurred. This was also the point where the Greek temple as a whole became a defined form.〔Briers, William R. 1996. ''The Archaeology of Greece 2nd Edition.'' New York: Cornell University, pages 132–133.〕
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